An introduction to LTE LTE, LTE-advanced, SAE, VoLTE and 4G mobile communications /

Following on from the successful first edition (March 2012), this book gives a clear explanation of what LTE does and how it works. The content is expressed at a systems level, offering readers the opportunity to grasp the key factors that make LTE the hot topic amongst vendors and operators across...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Cox, Christopher (Christopher Ian), 1965-
Format:	Electronic eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdon ; Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2014]
Subjects:	Long-Term Evolution (Telecommunications) Mobile communication systems > Standards. Electronic books.
Online Access:	Full text (Wentworth users only)

Table of Contents:

1.1. Architectural Review of UMTS and GSM
1.1.1. High-Level Architecture
1.1.2. Architecture of the Radio Access Network
1.1.3. Architecture of the Core Network
1.1.4.Communication Protocols
1.2. History of Mobile Telecommunication Systems
1.2.1. From 1G to 3G
1.2.2. Third Generation Systems
1.3. The Need for LTE
1.3.1. The Growth of Mobile Data
1.3.2. Capacity of a Mobile Telecommunication System
1.3.3. Increasing the System Capacity
1.3.4. Additional Motivations
1.4. From UMTS to LTE
1.4.1. High-Level Architecture of LTE
1.4.2. Long-Term Evolution
1.4.3. System Architecture Evolution
1.4.4. LTE Voice Calls
1.4.5. The Growth bf LTE
1.5. From LTE to LTE-Advanced
1.5.1. The ITU Requirements for 4G
1.5.2. Requirements of LTE-Advanced
1.5.3.4G Communication Systems
1.5.4. The Meaning of 4G
1.6. The 3GPP Specifications for LTE
References
2.1. High-Level Architecture of LTE
2.2. User Equipment.
2.2.1. Architecture of the UE
2.2.2. UE Capabilities
2.3. Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
2.3.1. Architecture of the E-UTRAN
2.3.2. Transport Network
2.3.3. Small Cells and the Home eNB
2.4. Evolved Packet Core
2.4.1. Architecture of the EPC
2.4.2. Roaming Architecture
2.4.3.Network Areas
2.4.4. Numbering, Addressing and Identification
2.5.Communication Protocols
2.5.1. Protocol Model
2.5.2. Air Interface Transport Protocols
2.5.3. Fixed Network Transport Protocols
2.5.4. User Plane Protocols
2.5.5. Signalling Protocols
2.6. Example Signalling Flows
2.6.1. Access Stratum Signalling
2.6.2. Non-Access Stratum Signalling
2.7. Bearer Management
2.7.1. The EPS Bearer
2.7.2. Default and Dedicated Bearers
2.7.3. Bearer Implementation Using GTP
2.7.4. Bearer Implementation Using GRE and PMIP
2.7.5. Signalling Radio Bearers
2.8. State Diagrams
2.8.1. EPS Mobility Management.
2.8.2. EPS Connection Management
2.8.3. Radio Resource Control
2.9. Spectrum Allocation
References
3.1. Radio Transmission and Reception
3.1.1. Carrier Signal
3.1.2. Modulation Techniques
3.1.3. The Modulation Process
3.1.4. The Demodulation Process
3.1.5. Channel Estimation
3.1.6. Bandwidth of the Modulated Signal
3.2. Radio Transmission in a Mobile Cellular Network
3.2.1. Multiple Access Techniques
3.2.2. FDD and TDD Modes
3.3. Impairments to the Received Signal
3.3.1. Propagation Loss
3.3.2. Noise and Interference
3.3.3. Multipath and Fading
3.3.4. Inter-symbol Interference
3.4. Error Management
3.4.1. Forward Error Correction
3.4.2. Automatic Repeat Request
3.4.3. Hybrid ARQ
References
4.1. Principles of OFDMA
4.1.1. Sub-carriers
4.1.2. The OFDM Transmitter
4.1.3. The OFDM Receiver
4.1.4. The Fast Fourier Transform
4.1.5. Block Diagram of OFDMA
4.1.6. Details of the Fourier Transform.
4.2. Benefits and Additional Features of OFDMA
4.2.1. Orthogonal Sub-carriers
4.2.2. Choice of Sub-carrier Spacing
4.2.3. Frequency-Specific Scheduling
4.2.4. Reduction of Inter-symbol Interference
4.2.5. Cyclic Prefix Insertion
4.2.6. Choice of Symbol Duration
4.2.7. Fractional Frequency Re-use
4.3. Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
4.3.1. Power Variations From OFDMA
4.3.2. Block Diagram of SC-FDMA
References
5.1. Diversity Processing
5.1.1. Receive Diversity
5.1.2. Closed Loop Transmit Diversity
5.1.3. Open Loop Transmit Diversity
5.2. Spatial Multiplexing
5.2.1. Principles of Operation
5.2.2. Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing
5.2.3. Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing
5.2.4. Matrix Representation
5.2.5. Implementation Issues
5.2.6. Multiple User MIMO
5.3. Beamforming
5.3.1. Principles of Operation
5.3.2. Beam Steering
5.3.3. Downlink Multiple User MIMO Revisited
References.
6.1. Air Interface Protocol Stack
6.2. Logical, Transport and Physical Channels
6.2.1. Logical Channels
6.2.2. Transport Channels
6.2.3. Physical Data Channels
6.2.4. Control Information
6.2.5. Physical Control Channels
6.2.6. Physical Signals
6.2.7. Information Flows
6.3. The Resource Grid
6.3.1. Slot Structure
6.3.2. Frame Structure
6.3.3. Uplink Timing Advance
6.3.4. Resource Grid Structure
6.3.5. Bandwidth Options
6.4. Multiple Antenna Transmission
6.4.1. Downlink Antenna Ports
6.4.2. Downlink Transmission Modes
6.5. Resource Element Mapping
6.5.1. Downlink Resource Element Mapping
6.5.2. Uplink Resource Element Mapping
References
7.1. Acquisition Procedure
7.2. Synchronization Signals
7.2.1. Physical Cell Identity
7.2.2. Primary Synchronization Signal
7.2.3. Secondary Synchronization Signal
7.3. Downlink Reference Signals
7.4. Physical Broadcast Channel.
7.5. Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
7.6. System Information
7.6.1.Organization of the System Information
7.6.2. Transmission and Reception of the System Information
7.7. Procedures after Acquisition
References
8.1. Data Transmission Procedures
8.1.1. Downlink Transmission and Reception
8.1.2. Uplink Transmission and Reception
8.1.3. Semi Persistent Scheduling
8.2. Transmission of Scheduling Messages on the PDCCH
8.2.1. Downlink Control Information
8.2.2. Resource Allocation
8.2.3. Example: DCI Format 1
8.2.4. Radio Network Temporary Identifiers
8.2.5. Transmission and Reception of the PDCCH
8.3. Data Transmission on the PDSCH and PUSCH
8.3.1. Transport Channel Processing
8.3.2. Physical Channel Processing
8.4. Transmission of Hybrid ARQ Indicators on the PHICH
8.4.1. Introduction
8.4.2. Resource Element Mapping of the PHICH
8.4.3. Physical Channel Processing of the PHICH.
8.5. Uplink Control Information
8.5.1. Hybrid ARQ Acknowledgements
8.5.2. Channel Quality Indicator
8.5.3. Rank Indication
8.5.4. Precoding Matrix Indicator
8.5.5. Channel State Reporting Mechanisms
8.5.6. Scheduling Requests
8.6. Transmission of Uplink Control Information on the PUCCH
8.6.1. PUCCH Formats
8.6.2. PUCCH Resources
8.6.3. Physical Channel Processing of the PUCCH
8.7. Uplink Reference Signals
8.7.1. Demodulation Reference Signal
8.7.2. Sounding Reference Signal
8.8. Power Control
8.8.1. Uplink Power Calculation
8.8.2. Uplink Power Control Commands
8.8.3. Downlink Power Control
8.9. Discontinuous Reception
8.9.1. Discontinuous Reception and Paging in RRC_IDLE
8.9.2. Discontinuous Reception in RRC_CONNECTED
References
9.1. Transmission of Random Access Preambles on the PRACH
9.1.1. Resource Element Mapping
9.1.2. Preamble Sequence Generation
9.1.3. Signal Transmission.
9.2. Non-Contention-Based Procedure
9.3. Contention-Based Procedure
References
10.1. Medium Access Control Protocol
10.1.1. Protocol Architecture
10.1.2. Timing Advance Commands
10.1.3. Buffer Status Reporting
10.1.4. Power Headroom Reporting
10.1.5. Multiplexing and De-multiplexing
10.1.6. Logical Channel Prioritization
10.1.7. Scheduling of Transmissions on the Air Interface
10.2. Radio Link Control Protocol
10.2.1. Protocol Architecture
10.2.2. Transparent Mode
10.2.3. Unacknowledged Mode
10.2.4. Acknowledged Mode
10.3. Packet Data Convergence Protocol
10.3.1. Protocol Architecture
10.3.2. Header Compression
10.3.3. Prevention of Packet Loss during Handover
References
11.1. Power-On Sequence
11.2.Network and Cell Selection
11.2.1.Network Selection
11.2.2. Closed Subscriber Group Selection
11.2.3. Cell Selection
11.3. RRC Connection Establishment
11.3.1. Basic Procedure.
11.3.2. Relationship with Other Procedures
11.4. Attach Procedure
11.4.1. IP Address-Allocation
11.4.2. Overview of the Attach Procedure
11.4.3. Attach Request
11.4.4. Identification and Security Procedures
11.4.5. Location Update
11.4.6. Default Bearer Creation
11.4.7. Attach Accept
11.4.8. Default Bearer Update
11.5. Detach Procedure
References
12.1.Network Access Security
12.1.1. Security Architecture
12.1.2. Key Hierarchy
12.1.3. Authentication and Key Agreement
12.1.4. Security Activation
12.1.5. Ciphering
12.1.6. Integrity Protection
12.2.Network Domain Security
12.2.1. Security Protocols
12.2.2. Security in the Evolved Packet Core
12.2.3. Security in the Radio Access Network
References
13.1. Policy and Charging Control
13.1.1. Quality of Service Parameters
13.1.2. Service Data Flows
13.1.3. Charging Parameters
13.1.4. Policy and Charging Control Rules.
13.2. Policy and Charging Control Architecture
13.2.1. Basic PCC Architecture
13.2.2. Local Breakout Architecture
13.2.3. Architecture Using a PMIP Based S5/S8
13.2.4. Software Protocols
13.3. Session Management Procedures
13.3.1. IP-CAN Session Establishment
13.3.2. Mobile Originated SDF Establishment
13.3.3. Server Originated SDF Establishment
13.3.4. Dedicated Bearer Establishment
13.3.5. PDN Connectivity Establishment
13.3.6. Other Session Management Procedures
13.4. Data Transport in the Evolved Packet Core
13.4.1. Packet Handling at the PDN Gateway
13.4.2. Data Transport Using GTP
13.4.3. Differentiated Services
13.4.4. Multiprotocol Label Switching
13.4.5. Data Transport Using GRE and PMIP
13.5. Charging and Billing
13.5.1. High Level Architecture
13.5.2. Offline Charging
13.5.3. Online Charging
References
14.1. Transitions between Mobility Management States
14.1.1.S1 Release Procedure.
14.1.2. Paging Procedure
14.1.3. Service Request Procedure
14.2. Cell Reselection in RRC_IDLE
14.2.1. Objectives
14.2.2. Measurement Triggering on the Same LTE Frequency
14.2.3. Cell Reselection to the Same LTE Frequency
14.2.4. Measurement Triggering on a Different LTE Frequency
14.2.5. Cell Reselection to a Different LTE Frequency
14.2.6. Fast Moving Mobiles
14.2.7. Tracking Area Update Procedure
14.2.8.Network Reselection
14.3. Measurements in RRC_CONNECTED
14.3.1. Objectives
14.3.2. Measurement Procedure
14.3.3. Measurement Reporting
14.3.4. Measurement Gaps
14.4. Handover in RRC_CONNECTED
14.4.1.X2 Based Handover Procedure
14.4.2. Handover Variations
References
15.1. System Architecture
15.1.1. Architecture of the 2G/3G Packet Switched Domain
15.1.2.S3/S4-Based Inter-operation Architecture
15.1.3. Gn/Gp-Based Inter-operation Architecture
15.2. Power-On Procedures.
15.3. Mobility Management in RRC_IDLE
15.3.1. Cell Reselection
15.3.2. Routing Area Update Procedure
15.3.3. Idle Mode Signalling Reduction
15.4. Mobility Management in RRC_CONNECTED
15.4.1. RRC Connection Release with Redirection
15.4.2. Measurement Procedures
15.4.3. Optimized Handover
References
16.1. Generic System Architecture
16.1.1.Network-Based Mobility Architecture
16.1.2. Host-Based Mobility Architecture
16.1.3. Access Network Discovery and Selection Function
16.2. Generic Signalling Procedures
16.2.1. Overview of the Attach Procedure
16.2.2. Authentication and Key Agreement
16.2.3. PDN Connectivity Establishment
16.2.4. Radio Access Network Reselection
16.3. Inter-Operation with cdma2000 HRPD
16.3.1. System Architecture
16.3.2. Preregistration with cdma2000
16.3.3. Cell Reselection in RRC_IDLE
16.3.4. Measurements and Handover in RRC_CONNECTED
References
17.1. Self-Configuration of an eNB.
17.1.1. Automatic Configuration of the Physical Cell Identity
17.1.2. Automatic Neighbour Relations
17.1.3. Random Access Channel Optimization
17.2. Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
17.3. Mobility Management
17.3.1. Mobility Load Balancing
17.3.2. Mobility Robustness Optimization
17.3.3. Energy Saving
17.4. Radio Access Network Information Management
17.4.1. Introduction
17.4.2. Transfer of System Information
17.4.3. Transfer of Self-Optimization Data
17.5. Drive Test Minimization
References
18.1. Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
18.1.1. Introduction
18.1.2. Multicast/Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network
18.1.3. Implementation of MBSFN in LTE
18.1.4. Architecture of MBMS
18.1.5. Operation of MBMS
18.2. Location Services
18.2.1. Introduction
18.2.2. Positioning Techniques
18.2.3. Location Service Architecture
18.2.4. Location Service Procedures
18.3. Other Enhancements in Release 9.
18.3.1. Dual Layer Beamforming
18.3.2.Commercial Mobile Alert System
References
19.1. Carrier Aggregation
19.1.1. Principles of Operation
19.1.2. UE Capabilities
19.1.3. Scheduling
19.1.4. Data Transmission and Reception
19.1.5. Uplink and Downlink Feedback
19.1.6. Other Physical Layer and MAC Procedures
19.1.7. RRC Procedures
19.2. Enhanced Downlink MIMO
19.2.1. Objectives
19.2.2. Downlink Reference Signals
19.2.3. Downlink Transmission and Feedback
19.3. Enhanced Uplink MIMO
19.3.1. Objectives
19.3.2. Implementation
19.4. Relays
19.4.1. Principles of Operation
19.4.2. Relaying Architecture
19.4.3. Enhancements to the Air Interface
19.5. Heterogeneous Networks
19.5.1. Introduction
19.5.2. Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
19.5.3. Enhancements to Self-Optimizing Networks
19.6. Traffic Offload Techniques
19.6.1. Local IP Access
19.6.2. Selective IP Traffic Offload.
19.6.3. Multi-Access PDN Connectivity
19.6.4. IP Flow Mobility
19.7. Overload Control for Machine-Type Communications
References
20.1. Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception
20.1.1. Objectives
20.1.2. Scenarios
20.1.3.CoMP Techniques
20.1.4. Standardization
20.1.5. Performance
20.2. Enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel
20.3. Interference Avoidance for in Device Coexistence
20.4. Machine-Type Communications
20.4.1. Device Triggering
20.4.2. Numbering, Addressing and Identification
20.5. Mobile Data Applications
20.6. New Features in Release 12
20.6.1. Proximity Services and Device to Device Communications
20.6.2. Dynamic Adaptation of the TDD Configuration
20.6.3. Enhancements for Machine-Type Communications and Mobile Data
20.6.4. Traffic Offloading Enhancements
20.7. Release 12 Studies
20.7.1. Enhancements to Small Cells and Heterogeneous Networks.
20.7.2. Elevation Beamforming and Full Dimension MIMO
References
21.1. Delivery of Voice and Text Messages over LTE
21.1.1. The Market for Voice and SMS
21.1.2. Third Party Voice over IP
21.1.3. The IP Multimedia Subsystem
21.1.4. VoLGA
21.1.5. Dual Radio Devices
21.1.6. Circuit Switched Fallback
21.2. System Architecture
21.2.1. Architecture of the 2G/3G Circuit Switched Domain
21.2.2. Circuit Switched Fallback Architecture
21.3. Attach Procedure
21.3.1.Combined EPS/IMSI Attach Procedure
21.3.2. Voice Domain Preference and UE Usage Setting
21.4. Mobility Management
21.4.1.Combined Tracking Area/Location Area Update Procedure
21.4.2. Alignment of Tracking Areas and Location Areas
21.4.3. Cell Reselection to UMTS or GSM
21.5. Call Setup
21.5.1. Mobile-Originated Call Setup using RRC Connection Release
21.5.2. Mobile Originated Call Setup using Handover.
21.5.3. Signalling Messages in the Circuit Switched Domain
21.5.4. Mobile-Terminated Call Setup
21.5.5. Returning to LTE
21.6. SMS over SGs
21.6.1. System Architecture
21.6.2. SMS Delivery
21.7. Circuit Switched Fallback to cdma2000 1xRTT
21.8. Performance of Circuit Switched Fallback
References
22.1. Introduction
22.1.1. The IP Multimedia Subsystem
22.1.2. VoLTE
22.1.3. Rich Communication Services
22.2. Hardware Architecture of the IMS
22.2.1. High-Level Architecture
22.2.2. Call Session Control Functions
22.2.3. Application Servers
22.2.4. Home Subscriber Server
22.2.5. User Equipment
22.2.6. Relationship with LTE
22.2.7. Border Control Functions
22.2.8. Media Gateway Functions
22.2.9. Multimedia Resource Functions
22.2.10. Security Architecture
22.2.11. Charging Architecture
22.3. Signalling Protocols
22.3.1. Session Initiation Protocol
22.3.2. Session Description Protocol.
22.3.3. Other Signalling Protocols
22.4. Service Provision in the IMS
22.4.1. Service Profiles
22.4.2. Media Feature-Tags
22.4.3. The Multimedia Telephony Service for IMS
22.5. VoLTE Registration Procedure
22.5.1. Introduction
22.5.2. LTE Procedures
22.5.3. Contents of the REGISTER Request
22.5.4. IMS Registration Procedure
22.5.5. Routing of SIP Requests and Responses
22.5.6. Third-Party Registration with Application Servers
22.5.7. Subscription for Network-Initiated Deregistration
22.6. Call Setup and Release
22.6.1. Contents of the INVITE Request
22.6.2. Initial INVITE Request and Response
22.6.3. Acceptance of the Initial INVITE
22.6.4. Establishment of a Call to a Circuit Switched Network
22.6.5. Call Release
22.7. Access Domain Selection
22.7.1. Mobile-Originated Calls
22.7.2. Mobile-Terminated Calls
22.8. Single Radio Voice Call Continuity
22.8.1. Introduction
22.8.2. SRVCC Architecture.
22.8.3. Attach, Registration and Call Setup Procedures
22.8.4. Handover Preparation
22.8.5. Updating the Remote Leg
22.8.6. Releasing the Source Leg
22.8.7. Handover Execution and Completion
22.8.8. Evolution of SRVCC
22.9. IMS Centralized Services
22.10. IMS Emergency Calls
22.10.1. Emergency Call Architecture
22.10.2. Emergency Call Setup Procedure
22.11. Delivery of SMS Messages over the IMS
22.11.1. SMS Architecture
22.11.2. Access Domain Selection
References
23.1. Peak Data Rates of LTE and LTE-Advanced
23.1.1. Increase of the Peak Data Rate
23.1.2. Limitations on the Peak Data Rate
23.2. Coverage of an LTE Cell
23.2.1. Uplink Link Budget
23.2.2. Downlink Link Budget
23.2.3. Propagation Modelling
23.2.4. Coverage Estimation
23.3. Capacity of an LTE Cell
23.3.1. Capacity Estimation
23.3.2. Cell Capacity Simulations
23.4. Performance of Voice over IP
23.4.1. AMR Codec Modes.
23.4.2. Transmission of AMR Frames on the Air Interface
23.4.3. Transmission of AMR Frames in the Fixed Network
References.

An introduction to LTE LTE, LTE-advanced, SAE, VoLTE and 4G mobile communications /

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